奥地利后备军
The concept of Landwehr was always viewed with unease by the authorities, but by June 1808 the Austrian National Militia was finally formed, service being compulsory for all men aged between 18 and 45, unless they belonged to exempt categories or were army reservists already. There were two categories, normal and volunteer units, raised from the local districts. Normally attached to Line formations, they were not the best of troops as discipline was poor. Still the Austrian-Hungarian Empire used a wide variety of Landwehr units in the defence of its vast territories.
尽管在奥地利军方看来，建立一支后备军并不是很稳重的决定。但是奥地利还是在1808年的6月组建了国民卫队，征募的对象基本来自所有18-45岁的男性公民，除非他们被免除兵役或者已经是预备役军人。后备军的概念有两种，正常服役以及志愿服役，但基本都是奥地利本国人。他们一般被按照线列步兵的章法训练，由于训练水平的差距，他们并不是一支军队中的中坚力量。但他们仍然是奥地利-匈牙利帝国用以防御其广阔领土的后备军单位种类。
奥地利猎兵
The Austrians formed battalions of jaeger. The light troops used terrain, trees and houses as a cover though on few occasions the jaeger were also used to attack fieldworks and served as regular line infantry. The jaeger were superbly trained, by 1813 the number of jaeger battalions had been increased as they were a solid part of the Austrian light infantry capacity. The main weapon used was the hunting carbine and rifle, as most jaeger were excellent hunters, woodsmen and marksmen.
Not only jaeger were used as skirmishers, the 3rd ranks of line infantry skirmished as well. The first being sent forward were those 3rd rankers taken from both flank companies of the battalion. Then, if necessary, more skirmishers from other companies were also sent out.
这些奥地利人组成了被称为“jaeger”的营。这些轻型部队利用地形，树以及房屋作为最基本的掩护，虽然有时他们也会被命令组成正规线列步兵的队形对工事发动进攻。“jaeger”往往是训练有素的，在1813年，由于他们在奥地利军队中的地位越来越牢固，“jaeger”营的数量也随之上升。因为大部分“jaeger”营的士兵都是来自优秀的猎手，伐木工人或者射击手，所以他们的基本武器也是擅长射击的卡宾枪和来复枪。
并不仅仅是“jaeger”会被用来作为战场上的射击力量。线列士兵中的第三列往往也拥有不错的射击水平。通常来说第三列士兵总是被从侧翼的营中抽调出来。随后，如果必要，更多其他团的射手也会被抽调进来。

奥地利利哥轮茨步兵
Their uniforms and fierce demeanour gave them a brigand like air that seemed to portend great deeds on the battlefield. The Grenzer came from the military frontier between Austria and the Ottoman Empire on which Christian refugees had settled. During peacetime the Grenzer spent seven months of every year guarding the frontier. They were raised as militia but were considered by army officials as something between light and line infantry. The Grenzer received training in marksmanship and skirmishing as well as in basics of linear tactics. When attempts were made to train the Grenzer as line infantry they turned out to be not as good in this role as the regular regiments. There were 17-18 Grenzer regiments, each consisting of two or three battalions. During wartime one battalion of every regiment was left to guard the border with the Ottoman Empire. The other battalion or two joined the regular army and were part of the advance guards.
The Grenzer lacked weapons, uniforms, training and discipline. For these reasons the Austrian generals considered them as something well below the regular infantry. Despite their shortcomings however they performed quite well in combat. The French had a good opinion for the Grenzer and considered them as the only ones looking warlike in the entire Austrian army. Napoleon had no hesitation in using these wild men. After the defeat in 1809 Austria ceded some territories and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 10th and 11th Grenzer Regiment went into service for Napoleon until 1814.
他们猎奇的军服和狂躁的行为带给了他们强盗一般的名声，但似乎也可以理解为他们在战场上拥有完美的战绩。利哥轮茨步兵营的士兵从前线民兵以及奥斯曼帝国的定居基督徒中选拔，和平时期每年利哥轮茨步兵营会用7个月的时间来驻守边界，他们主要接受射击和基础线列战术训练，当需要时，也可以将他们训练成并不那么出色的正规线列步兵。利哥轮茨步兵一共有17-18个团，每个团由两到三个营组成。战争时期每个团都必须留下一个营来守卫与奥斯曼帝国的疆域，而其他营则被抽调往前线作为正规军参与作战，并且将有可能会是前卫部队的一部分。
但是利哥轮茨步兵一般非常缺乏装备和武器，甚至是训练和纪律。由于这些不足奥地利将军一般将他们视为较之正规步兵更差的部队，除了他们的近距离作战特别是在拼刺刀中的表现。法国人对于这些利哥轮茨步兵有颇好的评价并且把他们视为奥地利陆军中稍微看得过去的精锐。拿破仑也没有犹豫来利用这些野人，在1809年奥地利战败后拿破仑收编并且组建了1st,2nd,3rd,4th,10th和11th利哥轮茨团，他们为拿破仑服役直至1814年。

奥地利燧发枪手
The Austrian infantry was divided into two groups: the "German" and "Hungarian" regiments. The "German" regiments were the best trained and disciplined part of the infantry; "German sense of duty caused them to rally after lost battle to fight again". In the March of 1809 Austria had 46 "German" and 15 "Hungarian" infantry regiments. The grenadiers were detached and formed in 21 grenadier battalions. As an army the Austrians lost more battles than won. In general the bigger the tactical unit was, the greater the chance for the French to win. The French army, corps and even divisions were better trained in large scale manoeuvres and had more battle experience than the Austrian army and corps.
The individual Austrian line regiments however were reliable and some fought with great tenacity and bravery. The individual Austrian soldier was well trained and far more disciplined than the Frenchman. There is much exaggeration concerning the "poor Austrians." The white-coats enjoyed many successes on the regimental level (though less on the brigade and divisional levels). Each soldier of "German" and Grenzer regiments carried a musket, triangular bayonet and "Fusilier sabre."
奥地利步兵被分为两组：“德意志”团和“匈牙利”团。“德意志”团是拥有最佳训练和纪律的步兵；“德意志精神经常使得他们在作战失利后再度重组加入作战”。在1809三月的奥地利有46个“德国”团和15个“匈牙利”步兵团。掷在奥地利，掷弹兵被抽调组成21个掷弹兵营。在战争中奥地利人还是输掉了大部分战役相比他们微不足道的胜利而言。总之，法国军队，陆战队甚至是师部拥有比奥地利陆军更优秀的大规模作战训练和更多的战场经验。
独立的奥地利团往往比较可靠并且作战勇敢。独立部队训练有素，纪律甚至比法国军队更为优秀。曾经奥地利军队被夸张地评价为“瘦弱的奥地利人”。但是，不可否认这支白衣军中诸如这样的团还是获得了无数成功。
所有德意志团和利哥轮茨团的士兵携带燧发枪，三角刺刀和铳剑。

奥地利掷弹兵
The first Austrian grenadiers came into being in 1700, at the height of the European vogue for grenade-throwing heavyweight infantry. The fashion passed soon enough, for the grenades were cumbersome, tricky to ignite, and only marginally less perilous to the thrower than to the target. However the grenadiers themselves survived in virtue of being elite troops in their own right, and they were marked out by their stature, their swarthy complexions, their bristling moustaches, their arrogant demeanour, their grenadier marches (characterized by alternate passages on the rim and the skin of the drum), and their grenadier caps. The grenadiers were elite troops and most often were kept in reserve. They were used in decisive moments as a breakthrough force or in order to stabilize the wavering line. The grenadiers used bayonets on every possible occasion.
第一支奥地利掷弹兵队伍于1700年建立，此后大部分的欧洲国家都流行起来这种投掷手榴弹的兵种。但是这种时尚很快被取缔了，因为掷弹兵投掷的手榴弹不仅使用复杂，危险，难以点燃，并且难以击中目标。然而掷弹兵作为精锐部队有他们存在的权力。往往通过身高来选拔他们，由于久经战阵，他们皮肤都很黑，满脸布满胡渣，然而他们的在军中的言行举止却格外自负。他们佩戴着掷弹兵帽盔，伴随着进行曲的鼓点前进。他们被作为终极力量在关键时刻稳定受到打击的阵线，任何时候他们都习惯使用刺刀。

The "Hungarian" regiments were renowned for their fierce fighting spirit. In general the Hungarians were regarded as one of the "hot" people of Europe. Their infantrymen were at their best when they were in the immediate presence of the enemy, which encouraged some historians to describe them as among the best of Maria Theresa's foot soldiers. The difficult part was not getting them to fight, but enlisting them in the first place. They were convinced that they were unsuitable for service as foot soldiers.
The Austrian troops were well supplied and equipped. Each soldier of the "Hungarian" regiments and Grenadier battalions carried a musket, triangular bayonet and "Grenadier sabre". All line infantry wore white coats. The "German" infantrymen wore white trousers and short black gaiters. The "Hungarian" instead had light blue tight trousers with yellow-corn braids. No gaiters. In 1806 the shako was introduced but only part of the infantry wore it. The "German" infantry fought in the campaign in 1809 wearing the shako.
匈牙利团因他们桀骜不驯的战斗精神而著名，通常匈牙利人被视为是整个欧洲最富有激情的。在敌人的印象中他们永远是最为优秀的步兵部队。这使得很多历史学家去尽其所能地将他们描述为玛丽亚·泰瑞莎女王麾下的最终王牌。困难在于往往难以使得他们自愿地加入战争，尽管如此，他们仍然是奥地利帝国在作战的第一时间征募的对象。不得不使人认为，他们本不适合作为一支步兵队伍。
奥地利军队享有良好的后勤和装备。“匈牙利”团和掷弹兵大队的每个士兵都会携带步枪，三角刺刀和“掷弹兵军刀”。所有的步兵都穿着白色外套。“德意志”团的步兵穿着白色的裤子和黑色的短绑腿。“匈牙利”团则换上了淡蓝色的紧身裤子和玉米色的辫子，但是没有绑腿。1806年奥地利人引进了圆筒军帽只装备了部分步兵。而“德意志”团在1809年的战役中则大量佩戴这种帽子。

匈牙利掷弹兵
The grenadiers were an elite part of the line infantry. They were distinguished by their great stature and large moustaches. The requirements for joining the grenadiers were: valour and marksmanship, at least 5 years of service and one campaign. The soldiers of the 3rd rank had the greatest chances of become grenadiers - they were used as skirmishers which allowed them to master their shooting skills and harden their morale. They were also the most physically fit. The Hungarian grenadiers were considered as being good fighters and it is not surprising that they gripped the enemy's imagination. Often a defeated party of Austrian infantry was likely to be reported as battalions of those moustachioed Hungarians.
掷弹兵是步兵力量的精英。他们的标志性特征是他们的高个子和大胡子。加入这支掷弹兵队伍的要求是：拥有悍不畏死的勇气和精准的射击能力，至少服役5年并且参加过一次会战。因此通常第三列的士兵有最大的可能成为掷弹兵。匈牙利掷弹兵在战场上往往被作为射击力量或者投掷手榴弹。他们也拥有最为壮硕的身体。匈牙利掷弹兵被认为是优秀的战士，因此他们也往往会吸引敌人更多的关注，这倒并不奇怪。通常在一支战败的奥地利军队中胜利方的军官更喜欢报道那些被俘虏的匈牙利人的数目以此彰显功绩。

支持，好帖子

匈牙利人可是匈奴的后代，一直就有发展突击骑兵的潜力

要是每个兵种都配上图就好了。

好帖，觉得收藏一下