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一、调查类
1. 调查方法
One major problem is about the sample the author studied inthe survey.
The author considers only (A-small part), although do constitute a significant part of (B-the whole generalpopulation), however, (many other sub-groups) are actually excluded from the survey.
One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about (A).
It is unreasonable to drawany conclusion about (B) based on statistics about (small part of/only one partof…).
Depending on the total number of (B), it is entirelypossible that (A) are not representative of (B).
2. 调查结果
数据无意义：绝对数字VS相对数字；回应者所占比例少
3. 调查者：不专业，不说实话
二、比较类
1. 错误类比
A做了blabla，B也应该做blabla。前提：A成功了，A与B其他条件都一样。
削弱方法：因果关系：对比法
The argument relies on whatmight be a false analogy between A and B.
In order to prove … the speaker must assume that allrelevant circumstances involving … are essentially the same.
However, this assumption is unwarranted.For example, … the speaker overlooks … 具体说明
2. 不完整比较：A食物的一个方面与B事物的另一个方面进行比较
3. 时间推测：过去推现在，现在推未来：前提分析，实例分析。
削弱方法：具体指出现在和过去，现在和将来有哪些不同。
The speaker’s claim unfairly inferfrom A’s comparatively … record in the past that A’s this year must also becomparatively …
Absent evidence to support this inference, it is just aslikely that … (现在和以往可能不同的地方)
For that matter, perhaps A’s during the most recent few yearsis no better or even worse than…
Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to underminethe speaker’s claim that …
三、因果类
1. 时间与因果关系
削弱方法：因果分析
2. 无因果关系
警惕因果词
The argument concludes based on a known correlation betweenA and B that the latter is attributable, at least partially, to the former.
Yet the conclusion alone amounts to scant evidence of theclaimed cause-and-effect relationship. Perhaps … can be caused by other factorsas well, which are absent in these particular states but present in all theothers.
Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that it is A, notB that determines its …
The speaker has not accounted for the possibility that …
If this is the case, then the conclusion that … would lackany merit.
The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiatedassumption that … doing (way-A) would by itself (achieve result B)
Absent evident that this is the case, it is equally possiblethat (way-A) will be effectively implemented and received, this thisrecommendation cannot be accepted.
3. 假两难推理——非A即B，没有原因C
削弱方法：寻找其他原因
The mayor fails to account for other possible cause of (A).(A) might have been due to (B). for example/because (具体说明). Withoutruling out these and other alternative explanations for (A), the mayor cannotreasonably infer based on those trends that …
可能有其他原因
四、范围类
1. 个体与群体——群体推个体；个体推群体
The argument assumes that the (… trend) in the specific regionwhere … reflects the general trend upon which the argument relies.
Yet, speakers fails to offer any evidence to substantiatethis crucial assumption.
Absent such evidence, it is just as likely that … for thatmatter, …
In either event, the speaker’s recommendation would amountto especially poor advice. (认为一个群体的特征适合该群体的所有成员)
2. 平均值问题——平均值是一个群体概念，不适用于每一个个体
3. 考虑不全面——优缺点考虑不全面；利润考虑不全面
Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly 正负得失
In addition, the author fails to consider the possiblenegative impacts brought by …
Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion.
4. 偷换概念——把A事物等价于B事物
One problem involves the definition of (A).
The author fails to give a clear definition of (A). Thus wecould not evaluate if …
As we commonly accept, (A) usually means …
Therefore, if … is defined as …, then … is irrelevant to (theauthor’s conclusion).
In one word, without a clear definition of …, it isimpossible to assess the strength of the argument.
A dose not necessarily indicate that B. /A is littleindication that B.
Perhaps … 说明其他可能原因
Without ruling out other possible reasons for A …
五、充分必要条件类
1. A是B的充要条件
削弱：除了A，BCD也会导致B。
The recommendation depends on the assumption that noalternative means of (B 解决这个问题) are available. Yet no evidenceis offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, (…) is some evidencethat A is likely to achieve the desired result. However, it is entirely possiblethat means other than A would also achieve the desired result B. Perhaps theresult could be achieved if …
Without considering and ruling out these and otheralternative means of (achieve B) the speaker cannot confidently conclude that (结论)
2. A是B的必要条件
削弱：B的成立不一定需要A，没有A，BCD也可以。
The argument assumes too hastily that (way-A) willnecessarily result in (B) that the argument predicts.
Perhaps, … Moreover, …
The fact is that A is not sufficient for the prediction thatB. Without A, …
一、调查类
1. 调查方法
One major problem is about the sample the author studied inthe survey.
The author considers only (A-small part), although do constitute a significant part of (B-the whole generalpopulation), however, (many other sub-groups) are actually excluded from the survey.
One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about (A).
It is unreasonable to drawany conclusion about (B) based on statistics about (small part of/only one partof…).
Depending on the total number of (B), it is entirelypossible that (A) are not representative of (B).
2. 调查结果
数据无意义：绝对数字VS相对数字；回应者所占比例少
3. 调查者：不专业，不说实话
二、比较类
1. 错误类比
A做了blabla，B也应该做blabla。前提：A成功了，A与B其他条件都一样。
削弱方法：因果关系：对比法
The argument relies on whatmight be a false analogy between A and B.
In order to prove … the speaker must assume that allrelevant circumstances involving … are essentially the same.
However, this assumption is unwarranted.For example, … the speaker overlooks … 具体说明
2. 不完整比较：A食物的一个方面与B事物的另一个方面进行比较
3. 时间推测：过去推现在，现在推未来：前提分析，实例分析。
削弱方法：具体指出现在和过去，现在和将来有哪些不同。
The speaker’s claim unfairly inferfrom A’s comparatively … record in the past that A’s this year must also becomparatively …
Absent evidence to support this inference, it is just aslikely that … (现在和以往可能不同的地方)
For that matter, perhaps A’s during the most recent few yearsis no better or even worse than…
Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to underminethe speaker’s claim that …
三、因果类
1. 时间与因果关系
削弱方法：因果分析
2. 无因果关系
警惕因果词
The argument concludes based on a known correlation betweenA and B that the latter is attributable, at least partially, to the former.
Yet the conclusion alone amounts to scant evidence of theclaimed cause-and-effect relationship. Perhaps … can be caused by other factorsas well, which are absent in these particular states but present in all theothers.
Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that it is A, notB that determines its …
The speaker has not accounted for the possibility that …
If this is the case, then the conclusion that … would lackany merit.
The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiatedassumption that … doing (way-A) would by itself (achieve result B)
Absent evident that this is the case, it is equally possiblethat (way-A) will be effectively implemented and received, this thisrecommendation cannot be accepted.
3. 假两难推理——非A即B，没有原因C
削弱方法：寻找其他原因
The mayor fails to account for other possible cause of (A).(A) might have been due to (B). for example/because (具体说明). Withoutruling out these and other alternative explanations for (A), the mayor cannotreasonably infer based on those trends that …
可能有其他原因
四、范围类
1. 个体与群体——群体推个体；个体推群体
The argument assumes that the (… trend) in the specific regionwhere … reflects the general trend upon which the argument relies.
Yet, speakers fails to offer any evidence to substantiatethis crucial assumption.
Absent such evidence, it is just as likely that … for thatmatter, …
In either event, the speaker’s recommendation would amountto especially poor advice. (认为一个群体的特征适合该群体的所有成员)
2. 平均值问题——平均值是一个群体概念，不适用于每一个个体
3. 考虑不全面——优缺点考虑不全面；利润考虑不全面
Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly 正负得失
In addition, the author fails to consider the possiblenegative impacts brought by …
Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion.
4. 偷换概念——把A事物等价于B事物
One problem involves the definition of (A).
The author fails to give a clear definition of (A). Thus wecould not evaluate if …
As we commonly accept, (A) usually means …
Therefore, if … is defined as …, then … is irrelevant to (theauthor’s conclusion).
In one word, without a clear definition of …, it isimpossible to assess the strength of the argument.
A dose not necessarily indicate that B. /A is littleindication that B.
Perhaps … 说明其他可能原因
Without ruling out other possible reasons for A …
五、充分必要条件类
1. A是B的充要条件
削弱：除了A，BCD也会导致B。
The recommendation depends on the assumption that noalternative means of (B 解决这个问题) are available. Yet no evidenceis offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly, (…) is some evidencethat A is likely to achieve the desired result. However, it is entirely possiblethat means other than A would also achieve the desired result B. Perhaps theresult could be achieved if …
Without considering and ruling out these and otheralternative means of (achieve B) the speaker cannot confidently conclude that (结论)
2. A是B的必要条件
削弱：B的成立不一定需要A，没有A，BCD也可以。
The argument assumes too hastily that (way-A) willnecessarily result in (B) that the argument predicts.
Perhaps, … Moreover, …
The fact is that A is not sufficient for the prediction thatB. Without A, …
