1、正气凛然的于谦 ——欧阳力盾

西湖西岸三台山东麓，乌龟潭畔，春水晴云，风光幽雅。2003年实施西湖综合整治，恢复湖湾水面，重建名胜古迹，再现野趣与文脉和谐交融的生态环境。我伫立在高大庄严的“热血千秋”牌坊旁，下面就是正气浩然的于谦祠。
祠为白墙灰瓦，深棕色大门上一块匾书“于忠肃公祠”。两侧对联为：“两袖清风昭万世；一轮明月耀三台”。第一进殿堂大门横匾“百世一人”，殿堂陈列着于谦简介、年谱及家谱。第二进殿堂是正殿，正中供奉于谦塑像，塑像为铜质，高大威武，正气凛然。塑像上方是乾隆手书的“丹心抗节”匾额。三面壁上是有关于谦生平事迹的大型浮雕。前庭院有一口井，名为“忠泉”。于谦祠的北侧就是于谦墓。墓道长约百米，两侧翠柏森森，还有石兽、石翁仲。墓为砖砌，青草覆盖。墓前石碑刻有“大明少保兼兵部尚书赠太傅谥忠肃于公之墓”。于谦墓曾毁于文革，现在的祠和墓都是1982年重修的。
凭吊于谦墓自然想起了一代清官、民族英雄的生平与政治悲剧。明朝洪武三十一年（1398）四月二十七日，一个新的生命在浙江钱塘（今杭州）太平里的一户人家诞生。这就是后来被称为“于青天”的于谦。于谦（1398－1457），字廷益，号节庵。他一生御强敌，扶社稷，严操守，淡名利，有大功于国。
清代诗人袁枚曾如此赞颂道：“赖有于岳双少保，人间始觉西湖重。”于谦23岁考中举人，24岁中进士，以后出任过御史、江西巡按等职。曾奉命考察湖广，安抚川贵的少数民
族。后又巡抚河南、山西多年，做了不少好事。

明正统十二年（1447），于奉诏入京任兵部左侍郞。
那是个悲怆的年份，明英宗十四年（1449），蒙古族瓦剌部落在酋长也先的率领下，举兵南下，发动了对明朝的战争。明皇英宗亲率50万大军迎敌，由于准备不足，加上操纵朝政的太监王振的错误指挥，结果在一个叫土木堡的地方大败，50万大军全军覆没，英宗也被瓦剌军所俘，史称“土木之变”。
消息传到北京，朝野为之震惊。当时守卫北京的军队不足10万，在瓦剌挟英宗为人质，以送驾还朝为名，大军压境进逼北京的危急时刻，英宗之弟朱祁钰召集群臣商议对策。面对翰林侍讲徐珵提出的南迁避祸的主张，作为朝廷主要军事官员的于谦，坚决反对，他说“言南迁者，可斩也！京师天下根本，一动则大势去矣。独不见宋南渡乎？”他的抵抗主张得到了大多数大臣的支持。于是，皇太后命朱祁钰为景帝，主持大局。景帝又任命于谦为兵部尚书，统率全军，主持京师保卫战。针对瓦剌利用英宗对明朝进行要挟的阴谋，于谦毅然提出了“社稷为重，君为轻”的口号，下令坚决抗战，不准议和。

此后，于谦招募士兵，制造武器，积极备战。大战终于爆发。于谦率20多万大军，列阵九门之外迎敌。于谦发布军令“临阵将不顾军先退者，斩其将；军不顾将先退者，后队斩前
队。”于谦亲自披甲上阵，率军队英勇杀敌，经过5天激战，终于击退了瓦剌军的进攻，保卫了京城。这就是可歌可泣的“京城保卫战”。
于谦因功绩显著而被加官为少保，统管全国军务。后来英宗被瓦剌军送回到北京，英宗乘景帝患病，勾结一些宦官等人，以阴谋手段发动“夺门之变”，夺取了政权，重新成为皇帝。徐珵、石亨等一班佞臣便以“谋为不轨，迎立外藩”的罪名，逮捕了于谦等人。当徐珵等以于谦应处极刑的判决给英宗看时，英宗也不得不承认：“于谦实在是有功的。”天顺元年（1457）正月二十三日，即英宗复辟后的第六天，于谦竟以“意欲”二字被定为谋反罪，惨遭杀害。
一直到明英宗死后，明宪宗登位，于谦冤狱终被平反，其遗体归葬故里杭州西湖三台山，并建旌功祠。于谦早年曾凭吊栖霞岭下的岳坟，作诗《岳忠武王祠》表达了对先贤英雄含冤遇难的无比悲愤之情，没想到他自己也遭冤狱，埋骨湖山，不过却给秀丽淡雅的西湖增添了雄壮凝重的色彩。明成化二年（1466）朝廷专门派人到杭州祭祀有大功于国的于谦，在祭
文中说，
“当国家之多难，保社稷以无虞，惟公道之独持，为权奸所并嫉，在先帝已知其枉，而朕心实怜其忠。”
因此故宅改建为怜忠祠，以资纪念，巷亦名祠堂巷。

于谦故居窄窄的石库门门口悬挂一副楹联，
“天地为心是真豪杰，圣贤作则乃大丈夫”。
这是对他一生的气节和道德所作的高度评价，读来荡气回肠。从条石台阶拾级而上，跨过一道很低的石质门槛，我们就走进了于谦青少年时期的居所。今天的建筑布局和功能分布，估计早已不是于家生活起居时的原貌。主体建筑名为“忠肃堂”，坐北朝南，面阔三间。正间北面墙壁悬挂于公画像，左右悬挂楹联，写着
“少时大策魁多士；晚节忠风愧几人”。
画像上方有一方木匾额，镀金楷体大字“忠肃堂”。
“忠肃”是明万历十八年（1590）朝廷重新赐予的谥号。故居西侧有“于氏古井”和附属用房，东侧有池塘庭院，四面墙壁环筑为院落，院落内花木扶苏。
于谦故宅并不豪奢。于谦自24岁开始做官，到60岁遇害，出任各种要职凡30余年，他被害后，家也随之被抄，但抄出来的全是不值钱的东西，仅有的只是一些书籍与生活用品。“两
袖清风朝天去”，堂堂大员竟如此廉洁，连抄家的人都被感动。
这倒使人想起了他青年时代写下的名重千秋的《石灰吟》一诗：
“千锤万击出深山，烈火焚烧若等闲。
粉身碎骨全不怕，要留清白在人间。”
这首诗实际上也是于谦一生为官为人的真实写照。
整修后的于谦故宅保持了明代的风格，由于处在小巷深处，平时人迹不多，三进宅屋均植有萧萧竹林，疏朗有致，清幽恬淡，微风徐来，恍若于谦两袖清风。
“千载湖山留正气，不须涕泪洒松筠。”
这是清人魏麟徵谒于忠肃公祠的诗句。绕宅三圈，沉吟之间，我忽然觉得天地间自有正气在……

Hero’s Awe-Inspiring Courage and Political Sense Saved the Nation——By Ouyang Lidun
The other day I visited Yu Qian Memorial at the footof Santai Mountain on the
west side of the West Lake in Hangzhou,the capitalof eastern China’s coastal
Zhejiang Province.
Yu Qian (1398-1457),a Hangzhou native who saved theMing
Dynasty (1368-1644) and died of treason, is honoredas a hero in history. He
now sleeps in eternal peace and glory in his hometown. The visit to his memorial temple on the West Lake reminded me of his integrity as an official, his heroic deeds in fighting the invading Mongols and his death as a political tragedy.

Yu Qian became a government official through the conventional national imperial examination system. He became a provincial graduate at 23and a cosmopolitan graduate at 24. Then over years, he served as a provincial-level offi cial in various posts across the country. In 1447, he was summoned to the capital and appointed a deputy defense minister.

He was summoned for a reason. As the Mongols in the northern under the military
strongman Esen were increasingly becoming a threat,the Ming Dynasty wanted to
build up its military strengths. In 1449,the Mongolsinvaded southward. Emperor
Yingzhong of the Ming led an army of 500,000 to fight the invaders. Notstrategi-cally prepared for the decisive battleand owing to the erroneous tactical command of a eunuch named Wang Zhen, the Ming army was routed at Tumu Fortress and Emperor Yingzhong was captured.

Beijing was plunged into total chaos when the shocking news reached the capi-
tal. At that time, the capital was defended by a troop of less than 100,000. Zhu Qiyu,the younger brother of the captured emperor,summoned a hasty meeting and discussed the issue with court ministers.
Xu Cheng, an imperial advisor, advised the royal house to relocate to the south and establish a new capital. Yu Qian objected resolutely. He argued, “The capital is the foundation of the country which can’t afford to be shaken. Don’t we all know what happened to the Song Dynasty after it relocated to the south?” Yu Qian called for resistance and he was supported by most
present at the meeting.

With the instruction of the queen mother,Zhu Qiyubecame Emperor Jingdi and appointed Yu Qian defense minister in charge of the defense of the capital city. Yu began to expand the army and prepared them for the inevitable battle. He issued many instructions to his soldiers. The most famous one is the captured emperor’s life is not as important as the fate of the country.

In 1449, the siege of Beijing began.Yu Qian armedhimself and fought with
his soldiers. For five days, the Ming military force fought heroically under Yu
Qian’s command. The Mongol army was repelled.
The captured emperor was sent back by the defeated Mongols to Beijing. After a
palace coup in 1457 when Emperor Jingdi was ill, the retired emperor was restored.Yu Qian was arrested and charged by Xu Cheng, the offi cial who had fi rst proposed not to fi ght and to fl ee to the south, and other officials. Six days after the old emperor’s comeback, Yu Qian was foundguilty of treason and executed.

Yu Qian was politically rehabilitated after Emperor Yingzong died and his son
ascended the throne. He was reburied in Hangzhou, his hometown, and a memorial
temple was built. In 1466, Emperor Xian zong sent an envoy to Hangzhou and held
a memorial ritual at the temple.
Yu Qian, in his early years, once visited the tomb of Yu Fei, a heroic general of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279). Yue Fei tried to reunite China but was framed and executed with a groundless accusation.
Yu Qian wrote a poem in honor of the hero and expressed in the poem his indignation over the fate of the wronged general. Tragically, he came to the same fate.
Yuan Mei, a poet of national renown of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) and native
of Hangzhou, once commented that only after Yue Fei and Yu Qian added a heroic
touch to the West Lake did the West Lake become really signifi cant and relevant in the hearts of the nation.
A large compound with two rows of halls punctuated with a yard in between, Yu
Qian Memorial Temple stands in majesty and serenity. In the second hall is a bronze statue of Yu Qian with an inscription by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty.
On the three walls of the hall are sculptures of Yu Qian’s heroic deeds. In the yard is a stone well called “Loyalty Spring”.The tomb lies to the north of the memorialtemple. A 100-m-long tomb passage,fl anked by pine trees and stone statues,leads to the tomb. The top of the tomb is now totally covered with grass. The tomb was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution(1966-1976). The present temple and tomb were restored in 1982.
Yu Qian’s former residence, a Ming-ar-chitecturein three-row-house compound,
is also well restored in a back lane in downtown Hangzhou.

下面是配图，本帖如无特别说明一般是论文里图片的截频。（汗-_-|| 偶不会把图片转化。）