原文网址：https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/iaea_comprehensive_alps_report.pdf

IAEA COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE SAFETY REVIEW OF THE ALPS-TREATED WATER AT THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION
国际原子能机构关于福岛第一核电站ALPS处理水安全审查的全面报告

© IAEA, 2023
This is a report by the IAEA of the IAEAReview of Safety Related Aspects of Handling ALPS-Treated Water at TEPCO’sFukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. The views expressed herein do notnecessarily reflect those of IAEA Member States. Although great care has beentaken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this report, neitherthe IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences whichmay arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries orterritories does not imply any judgement by the IAEA, as to the legal status ofsuch countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of thedelimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies orproducts (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intentionto infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement orrecommendation on the part of the IAEA.The IAEA assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or continuing existence ofURLs for external or third party internet web sites referred to in this reportand does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate.
这是国际原子能机构关于东京电力公司福岛第一核电站ALPS处理水安全相关方面审查的报告。本报告中表达的观点不一定反映国际原子能机构成员国的观点。尽管在编写本报告时已经非常谨慎地确保信息的准确性，但国际原子能机构及其成员国对使用该报告可能引起的后果不承担任何责任。对于特定国家或地区的称谓，并不意味着国际原子能机构对这些国家或地区的法律地位、当局和机构，或其边界的划定作出任何判断。提到特定公司或产品的名称（无论是否标明注册），并不意味着侵犯专有权益的意图，也不应被解释为国际原子能机构对该公司或产品的认可或推荐。国际原子能机构对本报告中提及的外部或第三方互联网网站的URL的准确性或持续存在性不承担任何责任，并不保证该网站上的任何内容是准确或适当的。

PDF格式需要整理，只能慢慢搞

Outline of the IAEA Comprehensive Report
Director General’s Foreword III
Executive Summary IV
PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background 1
1.2. The Comprehensive Report 9
1.3. The IAEA international safetystandards 10
国际原子能机构全面报告概要
总干事前言 III
执行摘要 IV
第一部分引言 1
1.1 背景 1
1.2 全面报告 9
1.3 国际原子能机构的国际安全标准 10

PART 2 ASSESSMENT OF CONSISTENCY WITH THEFUNDAMENTAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES 13
2.1. Responsibility for Safety 14
2.2. Role of the Government 15
2.3. Leadership and Management for Safety17
2.4. Justification 18
2.5. Optimization of Protection 20
2.6. Limitation of Risks to Individuals 23
2.7. Protection of Present and FutureGenerations and their Environment 25
2.8. Prevention of Accidents 28
2.9. Emergency Preparedness and Response 29
2.10. Protective Actions to Reduce ExistingRadiation Risks 31
第二部分 符合基本安全原则的评估 13
2.1 安全责任 14
2.2 政府的角色 15
2.3 领导和安全管理 17
2.4 合理化 18
2.5 保护的优化 20
2.6 个体风险的限制 23
2.7 保护现在和未来的世代及其环境 25
2.8 预防事故 28
2.9 应急准备和应对 29
2.10 采取保护措施减少现有辐射风险 31

PART 3 ASSESSMENT OF CONSISTENCY WITH SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 33
3.1. Regulatory Control and Authorization 33
3.2. Safety Related Aspects of Systems and Processes for Controlling Discharges 43
3.3. Characterization of the Source 54
3.4. Radiological Environmental Impact Assessment 59
3.5. Source and Environmental Monitoring 84
3.6. Involvement of Interested Parties 94
3.7. Occupational Radiation Protection 98
第三部分 符合安全要求的评估 33
3.1 监管控制和授权 33
3.2 控制排放的系统和过程的安全相关方面 43
3.3 源特性 54
3.4 辐射环境影响评估 59
3.5 源和环境监测 84
3.6 利益相关方的参与 94
3.7 职业辐射防护 98

楼被吞了

PART 4 MONITORING, ANALYSIS, AND CORROBORATION 103
4.1. Overview of Corroboration Activities 103
PART 5 FUTURE ACTIVITIES 111
5.1. Review Missions 112
5.2. IAEA’s Independent Sampling, Data Corroboration, and Analysis 114
5.3. Real Time Monitoring 115
5.4. IAEA Continuous Presence at the FDNPS 116
第四部分 监测、分析和核实 103
4.1 核实活动概述 103
第五部分 未来活动 111
5.1 审查任务 112
5.2 国际原子能机构的独立采样、数据核实和分析 114
5.3 实时监测 115
5.4 国际原子能机构在福岛核电站的持续存在 116

REFERENCES 117
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 119
ANNEX 1: Summary of IAEA Review Missions and Published Technical Reports 121
ANNEX 2: Summary of relevant international safety standards used in the IAEA safety review 122
ANNEX 3: List of updates and amendments to TEPCO’s Implementation Plan and NRA Regulatory Review Milestones 123
ANNEX 4: Japan legal and regulatory provisions applied to the FDNPS 125
ANNEX 5: Tritium in the Environment 129
参考文献 117
贡献者名单 119
附录1：国际原子能机构审查任务和已发表的技术报告摘要 121
附录2：国际原子能机构安全审查中使用的相关国际安全标准摘要 122
附录3：东京电力公司实施计划和日本核监察机构法规审查里程碑的更新和修订列表 123
附录4：适用于福岛核电站的日本法律和法规规定 125
附录5：环境中的氚 129

Director General’sForeword
The accident atFukushima Daichi Nuclear Power Station in March
2011 and thesubsequent operations at the plant have resulted in the
accumulation oflarge amounts of water stored on the site. In April 2021,
the Government ofJapan published its policy on how it would manage
this water. Itdecided to discharge it gradually into the sea after specific
treatment.
Shortly after thedecision was made, the Government of Japan requested
that the IAEAundertake an independent safety review of Japan’s implementation of its policyagainst the
international safetystandards.
I agreed with Japanthat the IAEA would review the implementation of the Government’s planscomprehensively
before, during, andafter any discharge of the ALPS-treated water.
That year, Iestablished an IAEA Task Force. It is made up of top specialists from withinthe IAEA’s Secretariat
advised byinternationally recognized outside experts from across the globe, includingwithin the region.
By the nature of itsstatutory mandate and global reach, the IAEA is able to use the internationallyagreed
nuclear safetystandards as an objective blueprint for assessing the safety of the planneddischarges. These
internationalstandards are constantly updated, taking into account advances in science andtechnology and
learnings fromresearch and experience. They serve as the indispensable global reference forprotecting people
and the environment,thereby contributing greatly to a harmonized and high level of nuclear safetyworldwide.
This comprehensivereport makes the science of the treated water release clear for theinternational community
and I believeanswers the technical questions related to safety that have been raised.
Based on itscomprehensive assessment, the IAEA has concluded that the approach andactivities to the
discharge of ALPStreated water taken by Japan are consistent with relevant international safetystandards.
Furthermore, theIAEA notes the controlled, gradual discharges of the treated water to the sea,as currently
planned and assessedby TEPCO, would have a negligible radiological impact on people and theenvironment.
These findings andthis comprehensive report represent a significant milestone in the IAEA’sreview. Even so,
our task is onlyjust beginning.
The IAEA willcontinue its impartial, independent and objective safety review during thedischarge phase,
including by havinga continuous on-site presence and by providing live online monitoring on ourwebsite.
This will ensure therelevant international safety standards continue to be applied throughout thedecades-long
process laid out bythe Government of Japan and TEPCO. By doing so, the IAEA will continue toprovide
transparency to theinternational community making it possible for all stakeholders to rely onverified fact and
science to informtheir understanding of this matter throughout the process.
Finally, I wouldlike to emphasise that the release of the treated water stored at FukushimaDaiichi Power
Station is anational decision by the Government of Japan and that this report is neither arecommendation nor
an endorsement ofthat policy. However, I hope that all who have an interest in this decisionwill welcome the
IAEA’s independentand transparent review, and I give an assurance, as I said right at the startof this process,
that the IAEA willbe there before, during and after the discharge of ALPS treated water.
Rafael MarianoGrossi
Director General,IAEA

总干事的前言
2011年3月，福岛第一核电站发生事故，随后的工作导致站点上积累了大量的水。2021年4月，日本政府发布了管理这些水的政策。政府决定在经过特定处理后逐步将其排入海中。
在决策做出后不久，日本政府要求国际原子能机构对其实施政策按照国际安全标准进行独立的安全审查。
我同意日本的请求，国际原子能机构将在任何排放经过ALPS处理的水之前、期间和之后全面审查政府计划的实施情况。
那一年，我成立了一个国际原子能机构的特别工作组。该工作组由国际原子能机构秘书处的顶级专家组成，得到了来自世界各地的国际知名外部专家的指导，包括该地区内的专家。
凭借其法定职责和全球影响力，国际原子能机构能够使用国际公认的核安全标准作为客观蓝图，评估计划排放的安全性。这些国际标准不断更新，考虑到科学技术的进步和研究经验的教训。它们作为保护人民和环境的不可或缺的全球参考，极大地促进了全球核安全的协调和高水平。
这份全面的报告清楚地解释了国际社会对处理后的水排放的科学问题，并且我相信它回答了与安全相关的技术问题。
基于其全面评估，国际原子能机构得出结论，日本对ALPS处理水排放的方法和活动与相关的国际安全标准一致。此外，国际原子能机构指出，按照目前东京电力公司计划和评估的方式，控制和逐步向海洋排放经过处理的水，对人民和环境的辐射影响可以忽略不计。
这些发现和这份全面的报告代表着国际原子能机构审查工作的重要里程碑。然而，我们的任务才刚刚开始。
国际原子能机构将在排放阶段继续进行公正、独立和客观的安全审查，包括在现场持续存在，并通过我们的网站提供实时在线监测。这将确保相关的国际安全标准在日本政府和东京电力公司制定的长达数十年的过程中继续得到应用。通过这样做，国际原子能机构将继续为国际社会提供透明度，使所有利益相关者能够依赖经过验证的事实和科学来了解这个问题的始终如一的过程。
最后，我要强调，福岛第一核电站储存的处理水的释放是日本政府的国家决策，而这份报告既不是对该政策的推荐，也不是对其的认可。然而，我希望所有对这个决策感兴趣的人都能欢迎国际原子能机构的独立和透明的审查，并且我向大家保证，在这个过程的开始时我已经说过，国际原子能机构将在ALPS处理水排放之前、期间和之后一直在这里。
国际原子能机构总干事
拉斐尔·马里亚诺·格罗西

Executive Summary
In April 2021, theGovernment of Japan released its Basic Policy onHandling of ALPS Treated Water at the Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings’(TEPCO) Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (Basic Policy). This policyresulted from a programme of review by the relevant Japanese governmentministries, and TEPCO, about how to manage the accumulating ALPS treated waterstored on site at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS). TheBasic Policy describes, among other topics, the method selected by theGovernment of Japan for the handling of the Advanced Liquid Processing System(ALPS) treated water which was to discharge the treated water into the sea.
Following theannouncement of this policy, the Government of Japan requested that the IAEAconduct a detail review of the safety related aspects of handling ALPS treatedwater stored at FDNPS, applying the relevant international safety standards.The IAEA Director General accepted this request and noted the IAEA’s commitmentto being involved before, during, and after the ALPS treated water discharges.The IAEA is conducting this review in compliance with its relevant IAEAstatutory functions, in particular, that established in Article 3.A.6 of theIAEA Statute which declares that the Agency is authorized:
“To establish or adopt, in consultation and, where appropriate, incollaboration with the competent organs of the United Nations and with thespecialized agencies concerned, standards of safety for protection
of health and minimization of danger to life and property (including suchstandards for labour conditions), … and to provide for the application of thesestandards, … at the request of a State, to any of that State’s activitiesin the field of atomic energy.”
In July 2021, theIAEA and the Government of Japan signed the Terms of Reference for IAEAAssistance to Japan on Review of Safety Aspects of ALPS Treated Water atTEPCO’s FDNPS. The IAEA activities in this regard consist of a technical reviewto assess whether the actions of TEPCO and the Government of Japan to dischargethe ALPS treated water over the coming decades are consistent withinternational safety standards. The IAEA is also undertaking all necessaryactivities for the corroboration of the source and environmental monitoringprogrammes of TEPCO and the Government of Japan before, during and after thedischarges. The IAEA’s review is organized into the following three major componentsto ensure all key safety elements are adequately addressed: 1) Assessment ofProtection and Safety, 2) Regulatory Activities and Processes, and 3)Independent Sampling, Data Corroboration, and Analysis.
To implement theIAEA’s review in a transparent and inclusive manner, the IAEA Director Generalestablished a Task Force. The Task Force operates under the authority of theIAEA and is chaired by a senior IAEA official. The Task Force includes expertsfrom the IAEA Secretariat alongside internationally recognized independentexperts with extensive experience from a wide range of technical specialtiesfrom Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, France, the Marshall Islands, theRepublic of Korea, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the UnitedStates and Viet Nam. These independent experts provide advice and serve on theTask Force in their individual professional capacity to help ensure the IAEA’s reviewis comprehensive, benefits from the best international expertise and includes adiverse range of technical viewpoints.

执行摘要
2021年4月，日本政府发布了有关东京电力公司控股的福岛第一核电站（FDNPS）ALPS处理水处理方法的基本政策。该政策是由相关日本政府部门和东京电力公司进行的审查计划的结果，旨在管理积累在福岛第一核电站现场的ALPS处理水。基本政策描述了日本政府选择的ALPS处理水处理方法，即将处理后的水排入海中。
在该政策公布后，日本政府要求国际原子能机构对存储在福岛第一核电站的ALPS处理水的安全相关方面进行详细审查，并应用相关国际安全标准。国际原子能机构总干事接受了这一请求，并表示国际原子能机构将在ALPS处理水排放之前、期间和之后参与其中。国际原子能机构正在根据其相关的法定职能进行这项审查，特别是根据《国际原子能机构章程》第3.A.6条的规定，该条规定国际原子能机构被授权：“与联合国有关的有关组织和专门机构协商并在适当情况下与其合作，制定或采纳保护健康、最小化对生命和财产的危险（包括劳动条件方面的标准）的安全标准……并在国家的请求下，为该国在原子能领域的任何活动中应用这些标准。”
在2021年7月，国际原子能机构（IAEA）与日本政府签署了有关IAEA协助审查东电福岛核电站ALPS处理水安全方面的条款。IAEA的活动包括进行技术审查，以评估东电和日本政府在未来几十年内排放ALPS处理水的行动是否符合国际安全标准。IAEA还将在排放前、期间和后期进行所有必要的活动，以核实东电和日本政府的源头和环境监测计划。IAEA的审查分为以下三个主要组成部分，以确保所有关键安全要素得到充分考虑：1）保护和安全评估，2）监管活动和过程，3）独立取样、数据核实和分析。
为了以透明和包容的方式实施IAEA的审查，IAEA总干事成立了一个工作组。该工作组在IAEA的授权下运作，并由一名高级IAEA官员担任主席。该工作组包括来自IAEA秘书处的专家以及来自阿根廷、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、法国、马绍尔群岛、韩国、俄罗斯联邦、英国、美国和越南等国的广泛技术专业的国际公认的独立专家。这些独立专家以个人专业能力为工作组提供建议和服务，以帮助确保IAEA的审查全面、受益于最佳国际专业知识，并包括各种技术观点的多样性。